{
 "claims": [
  {
   "claim": "A randomized trial of chocolate scent in a Canadian bookstore with an adjoining café finds no evidence that the scent affects total sales: the estimated effect is positive but not statistically significant.",
   "claim_id": "P040-H1",
   "related_corrections": [
    "P040-E001",
    "P040-E003"
   ],
   "tied_to": "Table 1, rows 'Total sales'; Fig. 1; abstract (PDF p. 1), Background (p. 2), Results (p. 4), Conclusions (p. 5)"
  },
  {
   "claim": "The paper reports no effect within the sales categories: none of the estimated effects on bulk, café or book sales is significant at two-tailed $p<.10$. In the adjusted analysis, café sales fall by $8.9$ CAD ($p=.59$) and bulk sales rise by $23.2$ CAD ($p=.29$).",
   "claim_id": "P040-H2",
   "related_corrections": [
    "P040-E003",
    "P040-E001"
   ],
   "tied_to": "Table 1, rows 'Bulk sales', 'Café sales', 'Book sales'; Results, PDF pp. 4-5; Conclusions, PDF p. 5"
  },
  {
   "claim": "There is no evidence of countervailing effects, that is, that the scent raised sales of within-domain products (food items) or shifted purchases from out-of-domain products (books) toward them.",
   "claim_id": "P040-H3",
   "related_corrections": [],
   "tied_to": "Table 1 (café, bulk and book rows compared); Results, PDF p. 5, left column; Conclusions, PDF p. 5"
  },
  {
   "claim": "The findings are not substantively altered by adjusting for a linear time trend and day-of-week fixed effects.",
   "claim_id": "P040-H4",
   "related_corrections": [],
   "tied_to": "Table 1, column 'Adjusted for time trends'; Results, PDF p. 4, right column"
  },
  {
   "claim": "The paper describes a 31-day randomized replication and extension of a 10-day bookstore experiment, with each experimental day independently assigned to chocolate scent or no scent with probability $.5$, giving three times as many experimental-day observations as the original study.",
   "claim_id": "P040-H5",
   "related_corrections": [
    "P040-E002"
   ],
   "tied_to": "Methods, PDF pp. 2-3; abstract, PDF p. 1; Fig. 1 and caption, PDF p. 4; replication data and R script"
  },
  {
   "claim": "The paper reports that $93\\%$ of 15 sampled customers detected a scent, with a $95\\%$ confidence interval of $.81$ to $1.06$. It interprets the lower endpoint as indicating that at least $80\\%$ of patrons would discern the scent and concludes that the scent was sufficiently detectable.",
   "claim_id": "P040-H6",
   "related_corrections": [
    "P040-E001"
   ],
   "tied_to": "Results and discussion, PDF p. 3, right column (manipulation-check paragraphs); manipulation_check_data.dta"
  },
  {
   "claim": "The findings show the value of replication in varied settings: contextual factors and the choice set may moderate scent effects; the null result could reflect a spurious original association, a baseline already boosted by café scents, other differences between the two studies, or low power, and does not preclude an effect.",
   "claim_id": "P040-H7",
   "related_corrections": [],
   "tied_to": "Abstract, PDF p. 1; Background, PDF p. 2; Conclusions, PDF p. 5; Table 1 as a whole"
  }
 ],
 "date_published": "2026-10-25",
 "findings": [
  {
   "before_review": null,
   "class": "error",
   "date_modified": "2026-10-25",
   "date_published": "2026-10-25",
   "evidence_type": "exact_counterexample",
   "exhibits": [
    {
     "alt": "Crop of the fifteen lines of the paragraph. The text reads: In our sample of 15 customers, six spontaneously detected a scent. Once prompted to consciously attend to scent, all but one of the respondents were able to discern the presence of an ambient scent. Six respondents spontaneously identified that ambient scent as chocolate, and another five reported recognizing the scent as chocolate once the enumerator identified the scent as such. The total proportion of our sample reporting a detectable ambient scent was .93 (95 \\% CI: .81, 1.06). One limitation of the small sample size in our manipulation check is that the confidence intervals for our estimates are relatively wide. However, since the lower bound of our estimate indicates that at least 80 \\% of patrons would discern the presence of an ambient scent, we remain confident that the scent was sufficiently detectable. One red outline surrounds (95 \\% CI: .81, 1.06) and a second surrounds the words at least 80 \\% of patrons.",
     "caption": "Results and discussion, third paragraph, p. 3 (PDF p. 3), right column. The outlines mark the printed interval, “(95 % CI: .81, 1.06)”, and the inference drawn from its lower limit, “at least 80 % of patrons”.",
     "url": "https://pmaronow.github.io/llm-audit/works/P040/exhibits/P040-E001.png"
    },
    {
     "alt": "Chart with one horizontal axis for the detection probability p, with labelled ticks from .60 to 1.10, and three horizontal bars. The title reads: 14 of 15 customers detected a scent: the exact 95\\% lower limits, .68 and .72, are below the printed limit .81 and below the minimum of .80 that the paper states. The top bar, in orange, is labelled As printed: 95 \\% CI (.81, 1.06); its endpoints are approximately .807 and 1.060, labelled .81 and 1.06, and it extends into a gray region to the right of 1.00 that is labelled above 1: not a probability. The middle bar, in blue, is labelled Exact 95\\% interval, equal tails; its endpoints are labelled .681 and .998. The bottom bar, in blue, is labelled Exact one-sided 95\\% lower limit; its lower endpoint is labelled .721 and it ends at 1.00. A dashed vertical line at .80 is labelled stated minimum: .80. The orange bar lies entirely to the right of this line, and both blue bars cross it. An open circle on each bar marks the observed proportion 14/15, labelled .933.",
     "caption": "The nominal interval as printed and the exact binomial limits for 14 detections among 15 respondents, on one axis for the detection probability $p$. The printed interval $(.81, 1.06)$ is drawn at the endpoints, approximately $.807$ and $1.060$, of the nominal normal-approximation interval. Its lower-endpoint interpretation is conventional, while the exact finite-sample calculation exposes poor calibration here. The exact equal-tailed 95% interval rounds to $[.681, .998]$, and the exact one-sided 95% lower limit rounds to $.721$. Both exact lower limits lie to the left of the dashed line at $.80$. The open circles mark the observed proportion $14/15$.",
     "url": "https://pmaronow.github.io/llm-audit/works/P040/exhibits/P040-E001-intervals.png"
    }
   ],
   "formal_release": null,
   "formal_statements": [
    {
     "id": "P040-T1",
     "url": "https://pmaronow.github.io/llm-audit/works/P040/#P040-T1"
    },
    {
     "id": "P040-T2",
     "url": "https://pmaronow.github.io/llm-audit/works/P040/#P040-T2"
    }
   ],
   "headline": "The printed interval agrees with a nominal Wald interval with a conventional lower-endpoint interpretation, but its normal approximation is poorly calibrated with 15 responses: exact coverage at a detection probability of $.80$ is about 81.5%.",
   "id": "P040-E001",
   "location": "Results and discussion, third paragraph, p. 3 (PDF p. 3), right column: the interval “(95 % CI: .81, 1.06)” and the last sentence of the paragraph",
   "pdf_page": 3,
   "printed_page": "3",
   "reaches": [],
   "related_entries": [],
   "revisions": [],
   "same_defect_as": [],
   "severity": "Moderate",
   "subject": "paper",
   "target_ids": [
    "P040-T1",
    "P040-T2"
   ],
   "text": {
    "as_printed": "In our sample of 15 customers, six spontaneously detected a scent. Once prompted to consciously attend to scent, all but one of the respondents were able to discern the presence of an ambient scent. Six respondents spontaneously identified that ambient scent as chocolate, and another five reported recognizing the scent as chocolate once the enumerator identified the scent as such. The total proportion of our sample reporting a detectable ambient scent was .93 (95~\\% CI: \\hl{.81, 1.06}). One limitation of the small sample size in our manipulation check is that the confidence intervals for our estimates are relatively wide. However, since the lower bound of our estimate indicates that \\hl{at least 80~\\% of patrons} would discern the presence of an ambient scent, we remain confident that the scent was sufficiently detectable.",
    "corrected": "Fourteen of the fifteen surveyed customers reported detecting an ambient scent, either spontaneously or after prompting. Under an independent common-probability binomial sampling model, the exact equal-tailed 95\\% confidence interval is approximately \\hl{$[.680515, .998314]$}. The observed detection rate was high, but the exact-binomial lower endpoint is \\hl{about $.68$ rather than above $.80$}, leaving substantial uncertainty about the detection rate; generalization beyond the surveyed customers requires appropriate sampling assumptions.\n\nThe exact-binomial alternative can be specified as follows. Let $X$ be the number of detections among $n = 15$ respondents, and suppose that the responses are independent with a common detection probability $p \\in [0, 1]$, so that $X$ is binomial with parameters $15$ and $p$. For the observed value $X = 14$, the exact equal-tailed 95\\% confidence interval for $p$ is $[L, U]$, where $L$ and $U$ are the unique solutions in $(0, 1)$ of\n\\[\nL^{14} (15 - 14 L) = .025, \\qquad U^{15} = .975 .\n\\]\nThen $L \\approx .680515$ and $U \\approx .998314$, and at the precision of the paper the interval is $[.68, 1.00]$. The exact one-sided 95\\% lower confidence limit is the unique solution $L_1 \\approx .720604$ in $(0, 1)$ of $L_1^{14} (15 - 14 L_1) = .05$. Both lower limits are less than $.80$. These limits concern the detection probability under the stated model. A statement about patrons in general requires in addition that the 15 respondents represent them, and the paper does not describe how the respondents were selected.",
    "evidence": "I checked the Wald derivation, calculated finite-sample coverage exactly and recalculated the counts from the replication files. The manipulation-check file has 15 respondents, of whom 14 detected a scent. For the calculations, suppose that the 15 responses are independent with a common detection probability $p$, so that the number $X$ of detections is binomial with parameters $15$ and $p$. I assume this sampling model for the calculations; the paper does not specify its interval method.\n\nFor fixed $0<p<1$, the Bernoulli central limit theorem and consistency of $\\hat p$ give\n\\[\n\\frac{\\sqrt n(\\hat p-p)}{\\sqrt{\\hat p(1-\\hat p)}}\\;\\xrightarrow{d}\\;N(0,1).\n\\]\nConsequently the nominal two-sided Wald interval has coverage tending to $.95$, and its lower endpoint is an approximate one-sided 97.5\\% lower confidence limit. This supplies the conventional approximate reading; it gives no small-sample accuracy bound at $n=15$.\n\nNow fix $p=4/5$ and $n=15$. Then\n\\[\n\\mathbb{P}(X = 14) = 15 \\left(\\frac{4}{5}\\right)^{14} \\frac{1}{5} = \\frac{805306368}{6103515625} \\approx .1319 .\n\\]\nThe printed interval at $X = 14$ excludes $.80$; if $.81$ is a rounded value, the limit is still at least $.805$. Consider any rule that assigns an interval to each count and assigns the printed interval to the count 14. This rule fails to contain $p = .80$ whenever $X = 14$, which implies that it contains $.80$ with probability at most $1 - .1319 = .8681$. This probability is less than $.95$, and the bound does not depend on the method that produced the interval. It refutes an exact finite-sample 95\\% guarantee for a deterministic count-only rule with that endpoint, not the usual asymptotic interpretation of a Wald endpoint. For the normal-approximation rule, the interval contains $.80$ exactly when $9 \\le X \\le 13$, so\n\\[\n\\mathbb{P}(9 \\le X \\le 13) = \\frac{24866193408}{30517578125} \\approx .8148 .\n\\]\n\\begin{audittable}{lll}{Exact probabilities for 15 independent responses with detection probability $.80$. The rule in the last two rows is the nominal normal-approximation interval $\\hat p \\pm 1.96 \\sqrt{\\hat p (1 - \\hat p)/15}$.}\nEvent & Probability & Decimal \\\\\n$X = 14$ & $805306368/6103515625$ & $.1319$ \\\\\n$X \\ge 14$ & $5100273664/30517578125$ & $.1671$ \\\\\nThe interval of the rule contains $.80$ ($9 \\le X \\le 13$) & $24866193408/30517578125$ & $.8148$ \\\\\nThe lower limit of the rule is at most $.80$ ($X \\le 13$) & $25417304461/30517578125$ & $.8329$ \\\\\n\\end{audittable}\n\nFor the exact limits, a direct computation gives\n\\[\n\\mathbb{P}_p(X \\ge 14) = 15 p^{14} (1 - p) + p^{15} = p^{14} (15 - 14 p) .\n\\]\nThis function of $p$ is continuous and strictly increasing on $[0, 1]$, since its derivative is $210 p^{13} (1 - p)$. The lower limit $L$ of the exact equal-tailed 95\\% interval is the solution of $L^{14} (15 - 14 L) = .025$. The upper limit $U$ is the solution of $\\mathbb{P}_U(X \\le 14) = 1 - U^{15} = .025$. The exact one-sided 95\\% lower limit $L_1$ is the solution of $L_1^{14} (15 - 14 L_1) = .05$. Their solutions are\n\\[\nL \\approx .680515, \\qquad U \\approx .998314, \\qquad L_1 \\approx .720604 .\n\\]\nFor every $p$, the lower limit of the exact interval exceeds $p$ with probability at most $.025$, and its upper limit is less than $p$ with probability at most $.025$. This implies that the interval contains $p$ with probability at least $.95$. At $p=.80$, $\\mathbb{P}(X \\ge 14) \\approx .1671$, which exceeds $.05$ and $.025$.",
    "problem": "The count is correct: 14 of the 15 respondents detected a scent, spontaneously or when prompted, and $14/15\\approx .93$. The paper does not name its interval method. The printed limits agree with the normal-approximation, or Wald, interval $\\hat p\\pm z_{.975}\\sqrt{\\hat p(1-\\hat p)/n}$, where $z_{.975}\\approx1.96$ is the standard normal $.975$ quantile, $\\hat p=14/15$ and $n=15$; this gives approximately $(.807,1.060)$. Reading its lower endpoint as approximate confidence-based evidence for a population detection rate above $.80$ is conventional. The passage does not promise certainty or exact finite-sample coverage, and this interpretation is not the defect.\n\nThe defect is the approximation's accuracy in this small sample. Under independent common-probability Bernoulli responses with $n=15$ and $p=.80$, the reconstructed nominal 95\\% interval contains $p$ with probability only $.8148$, and its lower limit is at most $p$ with probability only $.8329$. By contrast, with fixed $0<p<1$ and increasing $n$, those probabilities tend to $.95$ and $.975$. The finite-sample failure does not refute that asymptotic interpretation.\n\nThe nominal Wald test does reject $.80$ here, with a two-sided normal $P$ value of about $.03843$. The exact one-sided binomial tail probability is about $.16713$. An exact equal-tailed 95\\% interval rounds to $[.68,1.00]$, and an exact one-sided 95\\% lower limit rounds to $.72$. These alternatives show the weaker assurance available without the unreliable normal approximation. An upper limit above one is not by itself the error: clipping the printed interval at one changes neither its lower limit nor its coverage for a permissible probability.",
    "what_survives": "The observed count of 14 detections among 15, the other manipulation-check counts, the reconstructed Wald arithmetic and the conventional lower-confidence-endpoint interpretation survive. The sales regressions, Table~1 and Fig.~1 do not use the survey responses or the interval, so this repair leaves their numerical calculations unchanged; it does not independently validate that analysis.\n\nThe surveyed sample has a high observed detection rate. Under the exact-binomial alternative its 95\\% interval extends down to about $.68$, and its one-sided 95\\% lower limit is about $.72$. The nominal Wald inference above $.80$ therefore remains a conventional but poorly calibrated approximation here. Nothing establishes that the true rate is below $.80$ or that the scent was too weak."
   },
   "url": "https://pmaronow.github.io/llm-audit/works/P040/#P040-E001",
   "work": {
    "arxiv_id": null,
    "doi": "10.1186/s40064-016-2303-5",
    "title": "Chocolate Scents and Product Sales: A Randomized Controlled Trial in a Canadian Bookstore and Cafe",
    "url": "https://pmaronow.github.io/llm-audit/works/P040/"
   },
   "work_id": "P040"
  },
  {
   "before_review": null,
   "class": "error",
   "date_modified": "2026-10-25",
   "date_published": "2026-10-25",
   "evidence_type": "recalculation_from_source",
   "exhibits": [
    {
     "alt": "Crop of six lines of the left column of page 3. The text reads: The trial used a between-subjects design in which the 31 experimental days were assigned one of two conditions: chocolate scent dispersion (treatment) and no scent (control). Condition was determined by Bernoulli (coin flip) random assignment with probability .5 independently across days. The crop ends with the fragment Chocolate scent was dispersed. A red outline surrounds the words 31 experimental days.",
     "caption": "Methods, first sentence on p. 3 (PDF p. 3), left column. The outline marks “31 experimental days”.",
     "url": "https://pmaronow.github.io/llm-audit/works/P040/exhibits/P040-E002.png"
    },
    {
     "alt": "Crop of Fig. 1, titled Sales by Type on Treatment and Control Days. The horizontal axis is Day of Experiment, with ticks from 0 to 30, and the vertical axis is Sales in Canadian Dollars, from 0 to 1000. Each observed day has four markers: a circle for total sales, an X for cafe sales, a diamond for book sales and a triangle for bulk sales. Sixteen gray vertical bars mark the treatment days. A tall red outline surrounds the column of the plot at day 5 and the tick label 5 below it; the column is empty. In the caption below the figure, a second red outline surrounds the words 31 days of the experiment. The caption reads: Fig. 1 Sales by type on treatment and control days. All sales data associated with the randomized controlled trial. The x-axis shows each of the 31 days of the experiment, with gray vertical bars indicating days on which the chocolate scent was administered. The y-axis shows sales in Canadian dollars (CAD). The markers indicate sales per day: circles denote total sales, Xs denote cafe sales, diamonds denote book sales, and triangles denote bulk coffee bean/loose tea/spice sales.",
     "caption": "Fig. 1 with its caption, p. 4 (PDF p. 4). The outline in the caption marks “31 days of the experiment”. The outline in the plot marks the position of day 5, where no markers are plotted; every other day from 1 to 31 has four markers.",
     "url": "https://pmaronow.github.io/llm-audit/works/P040/exhibits/P040-E002-figure.png"
    }
   ],
   "formal_release": null,
   "formal_statements": [],
   "headline": "The reported analyses and Fig. 1 cover 30 daily observations, for August 1–4 and August 6–31: the trial spanned 31 calendar days, and the replication data have no entry for August 5.",
   "id": "P040-E002",
   "location": "Methods, first sentence on p. 3 (PDF p. 3), left column; Fig. 1 and its caption, p. 4 (PDF p. 4)",
   "pdf_page": 3,
   "printed_page": "3",
   "reaches": [],
   "related_entries": [],
   "revisions": [],
   "same_defect_as": [],
   "severity": "Minor",
   "subject": "paper",
   "target_ids": [],
   "text": {
    "as_printed": "\\emph{p.~3, Methods.} The trial used a between-subjects design in which the \\hl{31 experimental days} were assigned one of two conditions: chocolate scent dispersion (treatment) and no scent (control). Condition was determined by Bernoulli (coin flip) random assignment with probability .5 independently across days.\n\n\\emph{p.~4.} We present the complete raw results of the trial in Fig.~1.\n\n\\emph{p.~4, caption of Fig.~1.} All sales data associated with the randomized controlled trial. The x-axis shows \\hl{each of the 31 days of the experiment}, with gray vertical bars indicating days on which the chocolate scent was administered.",
    "corrected": "\\emph{p.~3, Methods, to be added.} \\hl{The trial period spanned August 1--31. The reported analyses use 30 daily observations (August 1--4 and August 6--31), comprising 16 treatment and 14 control days. August 5 is absent from the deposited sales data.}\n\n\\emph{p.~4, caption of Fig.~1.} All sales data associated with the randomized controlled trial. \\hl{The x-axis spans the 31-day trial period. Markers show the 30 observed days; no observation is shown for day 5. Gray vertical bars indicate observed days assigned to the chocolate-scent treatment.}\n\nThe number of days that were assigned a condition and the reason for the absence of August 5 should be stated from the trial records, if these are available. The evidence does not support the replacement of ``31 experimental days were assigned'' by ``30 experimental days were assigned''.",
    "evidence": "I checked the replication files. The daily sales file has 30 distinct dates, each with complete values of the four outcomes. Computing the eight regressions of the analysis script from these 30 rows in exact arithmetic, I obtain the 16 estimates and the 16 standard errors of Table~1 to the printed decimal. The files do not show whether August 5 was assigned a condition, whether sales were recorded on that day, or why the day is absent. It is not established that only 30 days were randomized, and no change in an estimate and no selection effect is established.",
    "problem": "The paper states that there were 31 experimental days, and it presents Fig.~1 as the complete raw results, on an axis that shows each of the 31 days. In a trial randomized by day, this suggests that the daily data and the analysis cover 31 observations. The replication data hold 30 daily observations, for August 1--4 and August 6--31, of which 16 are treatment days and 14 are control days. August 5 is absent. The analysis script uses the 30 rows without removing or adding any, and Fig.~1 has no markers at day 5. The paper does not distinguish the 31-day span from the 30 observed days, and it does not explain why August 5 is absent.",
    "what_survives": "Table~1, the 30 plotted days of Fig.~1 and the conclusions on sales are unchanged. The descriptions of a 31-day trial in the abstract and on p.~2 hold for the calendar span, August 1--31, and the statement on p.~3 that the study has three times as many observations as the original 10-day study holds for 30 days. The correction clarifies the report."
   },
   "url": "https://pmaronow.github.io/llm-audit/works/P040/#P040-E002",
   "work": {
    "arxiv_id": null,
    "doi": "10.1186/s40064-016-2303-5",
    "title": "Chocolate Scents and Product Sales: A Randomized Controlled Trial in a Canadian Bookstore and Cafe",
    "url": "https://pmaronow.github.io/llm-audit/works/P040/"
   },
   "work_id": "P040"
  },
  {
   "before_review": null,
   "class": "error",
   "date_modified": "2026-10-25",
   "date_published": "2026-10-25",
   "evidence_type": "exact_counterexample",
   "exhibits": [
    {
     "alt": "Crop of eight lines of the left column of page 4. The text reads: between treatment and control. To improve efficiency, the second strategy uses ordinary least squares adjusting for a mean-centered linear time trend as well as mean-centered fixed effects for the day of week, following Lin (2013). In all cases, robust standard errors are used to estimate standard errors, with p values computed under a normal approximation. We present the complete raw results of the trial in. A red outline surrounds the words a normal approximation.",
     "caption": "p. 4 (PDF p. 4), left column, end of the first paragraph. The outline marks “a normal approximation”.",
     "url": "https://pmaronow.github.io/llm-audit/works/P040/exhibits/P040-E003.png"
    },
    {
     "alt": "Crop of eight lines of the left column of page 5. The text reads: ment effect on café sales was slightly negative, though not statistically significant (average estimated decrease of 8.9CAD from a control average of 336.5CAD, two-tailed p = .59) and the direction of treatment on bulk coffee bean/loose tea/spice sales was slightly positive, though not statistically significant (average estimated increase of 23.2CAD from a control average of 71.2CAD, two-tailed p = .29). One red outline surrounds p = .59) and a second surrounds p = .29) and the final period.",
     "caption": "p. 5 (PDF p. 5), left column, end of the last paragraph. The outlines mark the two printed $p$-values, $.59$ for café sales and $.29$ for bulk sales.",
     "url": "https://pmaronow.github.io/llm-audit/works/P040/exhibits/P040-E003-pvalues.png"
    }
   ],
   "formal_release": null,
   "formal_statements": [
    {
     "id": "P040-T4",
     "url": "https://pmaronow.github.io/llm-audit/works/P040/#P040-T4"
    },
    {
     "id": "P040-T5",
     "url": "https://pmaronow.github.io/llm-audit/works/P040/#P040-T5"
    }
   ],
   "headline": "The printed $p$-values are computed from a Student-$t$ reference distribution with the residual degrees of freedom of each regression, 28 for the unadjusted regressions and 21 for the adjusted regressions, and not under a normal approximation.",
   "id": "P040-E003",
   "location": "p. 4 (PDF p. 4), left column, first paragraph, last sentence; the two $p$-values that it governs, p. 5 (PDF p. 5), left column, last paragraph",
   "pdf_page": 4,
   "printed_page": "4",
   "reaches": [],
   "related_entries": [],
   "revisions": [],
   "same_defect_as": [],
   "severity": "Minor",
   "subject": "paper",
   "target_ids": [
    "P040-T4",
    "P040-T5"
   ],
   "text": {
    "as_printed": "\\emph{p.~4.} In all cases, robust standard errors are used to estimate standard errors, with $p$ values computed under \\hl{a normal approximation}.\n\n\\emph{p.~5.} The direction of the treatment effect on café sales was slightly negative, though not statistically significant (average estimated decrease of 8.9CAD from a control average of 336.5CAD, two-tailed $p = .59$) and the direction of treatment on bulk coffee bean/loose tea/spice sales was slightly positive, though not statistically significant (average estimated increase of 23.2CAD from a control average of 71.2CAD, two-tailed $p = .29$).",
    "corrected": "\\emph{p.~4.} In all cases, robust standard errors are used to estimate standard errors, with $p$ values computed \\hl{using a Student-$t$ reference distribution with the model's residual degrees of freedom (28 for the unadjusted regressions and 21 for the adjusted regressions)}.\n\nIn full, the corrected statement is the following. For an estimate with ratio $t$ to its robust standard error, the two-tailed $p$-value is $2\\,\\mathbb{P}(T_\\nu \\ge |t|)$, where $T_\\nu$ has the Student-$t$ distribution with $\\nu = 30 - k$ degrees of freedom, and $k$ is the rank of the regression on the 30 daily observations. Without covariates, $k = 2$ and $\\nu = 28$. With the linear time trend and the day-of-week effects, $k = 9$ and $\\nu = 21$. The Student-$t$ distribution serves as a reference distribution: the corrected sentence does not state that the ratio has this distribution exactly under the null hypothesis. With this sentence, the two $p$-values on p.~5 stand as printed. The alternative is to keep the sentence on p.~4, compute the tests with the normal reference, and print $p = .58$ and $p = .28$ on p.~5.",
    "evidence": "I checked a recalculation from the replication files. With its statistical expressions unchanged, the analysis script reproduces all 32 estimates and standard errors of Table~1 to the printed decimal. Its test of coefficients uses the residual degrees of freedom of the fitted regression. The robust standard errors of the script are the HC1 standard errors. The two adjusted effects were also computed in exact arithmetic, with certified bounds for the two probabilities.\n\\begin{audittable}{lrrrrrr}{The two adjusted treatment effects quoted on p.~5: the estimate and its robust standard error in CAD, their ratio $t$, and the two-tailed $p$-value under the Student-$t$ distribution with 21 degrees of freedom and under the standard normal distribution.}\nOutcome & Estimate & Standard error & $t$ & $p$, Student-$t$ & $p$, normal & Printed \\\\\nCafé sales & $-8.891$ & $16.151$ & $-0.5505$ & $.5878$ & $.5820$ & $.59$ \\\\\nBulk sales & $23.179$ & $21.247$ & $1.0909$ & $.2877$ & $.2753$ & $.29$ \\\\\n\\end{audittable}\nThe Student-$t$ values round to the printed $.59$ and $.29$, and the normal values round to $.58$ and $.28$. The normal value for bulk sales must be computed from the unrounded estimate and standard error. With the rounded entries $23.2$ and $21.2$ of Table~1, I obtain a value near $.274$.",
    "problem": "The Methods state that the $p$-values are computed under a normal approximation. For an estimate with ratio $t$ to its robust standard error, this is the value $2 \\Phi(-|t|)$, where $\\Phi$ is the standard normal distribution function. The analysis script instead computes each $p$-value from the Student-$t$ distribution with the residual degrees of freedom of the regression, which are 28 for the unadjusted regressions and 21 for the adjusted regressions. The two values printed on p.~5 are these Student-$t$ values. Under the normal approximation they are $.58$ and $.28$.",
    "what_survives": "The estimates and standard errors of Table~1 and the observations of Fig.~1 are unchanged. No statement of significance changes. Over the eight tests of a treatment effect, the smallest $p$-value is $.225$ with the Student-$t$ reference and $.215$ with the normal reference. The statement on p.~4 that no estimate is significant at the two-tailed $.10$ level holds in both cases. The correction changes the description of the method."
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   "work": {
    "arxiv_id": null,
    "doi": "10.1186/s40064-016-2303-5",
    "title": "Chocolate Scents and Product Sales: A Randomized Controlled Trial in a Canadian Bookstore and Cafe",
    "url": "https://pmaronow.github.io/llm-audit/works/P040/"
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   "date_modified": "2026-10-25",
   "date_published": "2026-10-25",
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   "exhibits": [
    {
     "alt": "Crop of eight lines of the reference list. The first three lines are the entry: Dooley R (2013) Keep your customers shopping... with chocolate! Forbes Available: http://www.forbes.com/sites/rogerdooley/2013/07/22/chocolate-scent/. The next three lines are the entry: Doucé L, Poels K, Janssens W, DeBacker C (2013) Smelling the books: the effect of chocolate scent in purchase-related behavior in a bookstore. J Environ Psychol 36:65 to 69. The last two lines are the entry: Herrington JD (1996) Effects of music in service environments: a field study. J Serv Mark 10:26 to 41. One red outline surrounds the name DeBacker, and a second surrounds the word in that follows chocolate scent.",
     "caption": "References, p. 6 (PDF p. 6), left column: the entry for Doucé et al. (2013), between the entries for Dooley (2013) and Herrington (1996). The outlines mark “DeBacker” and the word “in” of the title.",
     "url": "https://pmaronow.github.io/llm-audit/works/P040/exhibits/P040-N008.png"
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   "headline": "In the reference to Doucé et al. (2013), the title should read “the effect of chocolate scent on purchase-related behavior in a bookstore”, and the surname of the fourth author is De Backer.",
   "id": "P040-N008",
   "location": "References, p. 6 (PDF p. 6), left column, the entry for Doucé et al. (2013)",
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   "severity": "Minor",
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   "text": {
    "as_printed": "Doucé L, Poels K, Janssens W, \\hl{DeBacker} C (2013) Smelling the books: the effect of chocolate scent \\hl{in} purchase-related behavior in a bookstore. J Environ Psychol 36:65--69",
    "corrected": "Doucé L, Poels K, Janssens W, \\hl{De Backer} C (2013) Smelling the books: the effect of chocolate scent \\hl{on} purchase-related behavior in a bookstore. J Environ Psychol 36:65--69",
    "evidence": "I checked the page against the bibliographic entry for the cited article in the repository of Hasselt University, which has the title with ``on'' and the fourth author as ``De Backer, Charlotte''. I did not read the article itself. It is not settled whether the entry for Herrington (1996), and footnote 1 on p.~1, omit a second author. The publisher lists J.~Duncan Herrington alone, a library catalogue lists Herrington and Capella, and the printed first page of that article was not available.",
    "problem": "The entry prints ``in'' where the title of the cited article has ``on'', and it prints the surname De Backer as one word.",
    "what_survives": "The cited work can still be identified from the entry, and nothing in the paper depends on these details."
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    "doi": "10.1186/s40064-016-2303-5",
    "title": "Chocolate Scents and Product Sales: A Randomized Controlled Trial in a Canadian Bookstore and Cafe",
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     "body": "p. 3, right column, manipulation check (PDF p. 3). Under the independent common-probability binomial model for fifteen detections, the mass of count 14 at p = .80 is .13194139533312. Every deterministic count-based set excluding .80 there, and every lower bound above .80 there, has coverage at most .86805860466688, so cannot guarantee .95 or .975 uniformly. The printed interval and every lower endpoint rounding to .81 exclude .80. The Wald rule with multiplier 1.96 reproduces the printed endpoints, with the stated rational arithmetic and brackets. For every multiplier in [1.9599,1.9601], membership, two-sided coverage .814815425593344, lower coverage .832874232578048 and lower failure probability .167125767421952 have the stated exact values. The actual standard normal .975 quantile exists uniquely in that range and also reproduces the printed endpoints, with prefixes .807099 and 1.059567. This is the canonical finite-sample calibration counterexample under the added binomial model.",
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     "target_id": "P040-T5"
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    "html": {
     "body": "<p>p. 4, left column, Methods and right-column significance statement; p. 5, left column, last paragraph and Table 1 (PDF pp. 4-5), corrected. The recorded designs give 28 and 21 residual degrees of freedom, Student-t reference values .59 and .29, and all eight effects have p greater than .10 under both references with the stated minimum, while the normal alternative gives .58 and .28; the reference calculation does not assert an exact null distribution.</p>",
     "headline": "Methods, ‘with p values computed under a normal approximation’, as repaired by Sol: the p values use a Student-t reference distribution with the residual degrees of freedom (28 unadjusted, 21 adjusted), under which the printed p = .59 and p = .29 are correct",
     "location": "p. 4 (PDF p. 4; headed ‘Page 4 of 6’), left column, first paragraph, last sentence; p. 5 (PDF p. 5; headed ‘Page 5 of 6’), left column, last paragraph; the significance statement on p. 4 (PDF p. 4), right column"
    },
    "id": "P040-T5",
    "text": {
     "body": "p. 4, left column, Methods and right-column significance statement; p. 5, left column, last paragraph and Table 1 (PDF pp. 4-5), corrected. The recorded designs give 28 and 21 residual degrees of freedom, Student-t reference values .59 and .29, and all eight effects have p greater than .10 under both references with the stated minimum, while the normal alternative gives .58 and .28; the reference calculation does not assert an exact null distribution.",
     "headline": "Methods, ‘with p values computed under a normal approximation’, as repaired by Sol: the p values use a Student-t reference distribution with the residual degrees of freedom (28 unadjusted, 21 adjusted), under which the printed p = .59 and p = .29 are correct",
     "location": "p. 4 (PDF p. 4; headed ‘Page 4 of 6’), left column, first paragraph, last sentence; p. 5 (PDF p. 5; headed ‘Page 5 of 6’), left column, last paragraph; the significance statement on p. 4 (PDF p. 4), right column"
    },
    "url": "https://pmaronow.github.io/llm-audit/works/P040/#P040-T5"
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 "missing_sources": [],
 "reproduction": {
  "agreement": "agrees_in_part",
  "status": "partial",
  "targets": [
   {
    "agreement": "to_rounding",
    "location": "Article p. 5 (PDF p. 5)",
    "method": "I ran the released R script on the 30 daily observations after file-location, filename and graphics-output changes. All 16 estimates and 16 standard errors agree to the printed decimal.",
    "status": "reproduced",
    "target": "Table 1"
   },
   {
    "agreement": "agrees_in_part",
    "location": "Article p. 4 (PDF p. 4)",
    "method": "I redrew the figure with the released code after file-location, filename and graphics-output changes. All 16 treatment bars agree exactly; marker heights agree by eye, without an exact numerical comparison of all heights. The caption suggests 31 observations, but 30 are plotted and August 5 is absent from the data (P040-E002).",
    "status": "reproduced",
    "target": "Figure 1"
   },
   {
    "agreement": "agrees_in_part",
    "location": "Article pp. 4-5 (PDF pp. 4-5)",
    "method": "I ran the released R script with file-location, filename and graphics-output changes. The printed p-values, 0.59 and 0.29, agree to rounding with Student-t tests using 21 residual degrees of freedom. They differ from the stated normal approximation, which gives 0.58 and 0.28; no treatment effect is significant at 0.10 under either reference (P040-E003).",
    "status": "reproduced",
    "target": "In-text treatment-effect inference"
   },
   {
    "agreement": "to_rounding",
    "location": "Article p. 3 (PDF p. 3)",
    "method": "I checked the response counts against the released data and recalculated the proportion and a normal-approximation interval from 14 detections among 15 responses. These reproduce 93% and the printed interval to rounding. The interval formula is inferred; the release supplies no estimation code for it. The small-sample coverage qualification is in P040-E001.",
    "status": "recalculated",
    "target": "In-text manipulation check"
   }
  ]
 },
 "summary": "The paper reports a randomized trial of chocolate scent in a Canadian bookstore with an adjoining café, which replicates and extends a 10-day Belgian study. Over a 31-day period, days were assigned by coin flip to scent or to no scent; the sales analysis uses 30 daily observations. No effect on daily sales is statistically detectable. 4 entries are classified as errors (1 Moderate, 3 Minor); 4 other concerns were not confirmed, 3 remain unresolved and 1 falls outside this audit's scope. The manipulation check's lower-Wald-endpoint interpretation is conventional, but the reconstructed normal approximation is poorly calibrated with 15 responses (\\fid{P040-E001}). Under independent sampling with a common detection probability, exact binomial uncertainty is wider; the observed 14 of 15 spontaneous or prompted detections and the sales computations remain.",
 "what_was_checked": "I checked the following recalculations from version 2.0 of the replication files, with the qualifications below. Running the sales script required changes to file locations, a filename and graphics output.\n\\begin{itemize}\n\\item Table~1: the analysis script, run on the 30 daily observations, reproduces the 16 estimates and the 16 standard errors to the printed decimal, for example $575.4$ $(34.7)$ and $36.6$ $(51.6)$ for total sales without adjustment.\n\\item Table~1 is consistent with itself: the control means of the three categories sum to the control mean of total sales ($72.0 + 334.7 + 168.7 = 575.4$), and the three effects sum to the total effect within rounding.\n\\item The unadjusted coefficients equal the differences between the treatment and control means, as the paper states on p.~4. The robust standard errors are the HC1 standard errors. The adjusted regression centres the time trend and the day-of-week indicators as described, and it has rank 9 and 21 residual degrees of freedom.\n\\item No estimate of a treatment effect is significant at the two-tailed $.10$ level: the smallest of the eight $p$-values is $.215$ with the normal reference and $.225$ with the Student-$t$ reference. This holds in both columns of Table~1, in agreement with the statement that the findings are not substantively altered by adjusting for time trends.\n\\item The recorded assignment coding agrees with the stated rule: the treatment indicator equals one exactly when the recorded random number exceeds $.5$, on all 30 days, of which 16 are treatment days and 14 are control days.\n\\item ``three times as many observations'' as the original study: 30 days against 10.\n\\item In all 30 rows of the sales data, total book sales are the sum of new and remaindered book sales, and total sales are the sum of book, café and bulk sales.\n\\item Fig.~1: a redrawing from the sales data matches the printed markers, with none at day 5, to the precision of a comparison by eye. The 16 gray bars fall on the 16 treatment days of the data.\n\\item The counts of the manipulation check on p.~3 agree with the data: six spontaneous detections, 14 of 15 detections when prompting is included, six spontaneous identifications as chocolate and five further recognitions. The printed interval agrees with the reconstructed normal-approximation interval. The small-sample calibration of that approximation is the subject of \\fid{P040-E001}.\n\\item The adjusted means and effects for café and bulk sales quoted on p.~5 agree with Table~1, and their $p$-values agree with the Student-$t$ tests of the analysis script; see \\fid{P040-E003}.\n\\item The conclusion on countervailing effects, p.~5: contrasts of combined café and bulk sales with book sales, which the paper does not report, are not statistically significant in either regression.\n\\end{itemize}\nI checked the whole article, its footnotes, its references and the replication files by reading them. The Conclusions acknowledge limited power and several differences between the two settings that cannot be separated, and they state that the results do not preclude an effect of chocolate scent. I consulted sources outside the paper on two points: a chapter of the doctoral dissertation of the first author of the original study, for the method of that study, and bibliographic entries for Doucé et al.\\ (2013) and for Herrington (1996), for \\fid{P040-N008}. The entries confirm two misprints in the Doucé reference; conflicting entries leave Herrington's author list unresolved.\n\nI did not read the cited journal articles or compare the following with those sources: the increases of 5.07\\%, 22\\% and 40\\% in the original study, the quotations, and the estimator of Lin (2013). I compared the original study's design with the dissertation chapter only. Its 201 observed entrants over 10 days, with every fifth entrant selected, are consistent with roughly 100 entrants per day; this is a reconstruction, not an independently measured daily total. I did not compare the heights of the markers in Fig.~1 with the data exactly. The replication files contain no code for the interval of the manipulation check; the Wald formula reproduces its limits, but the precise command used remains unknown. I used only version 2.0 of the replication files. I found no appendix or supplementary-file notice in the article, and I did not search for a published correction.\n\nFour study details remain unresolved. The sales data have no entry for August 5 (\\fid{P040-E002}); this does not establish how many days were originally assigned conditions or why August 5 is absent. The dates and conditions of the manipulation-check survey are not given. The annotation ``Pan-only'' on one control day of the sales data is not defined. The rule by which the 21 customers per day were counted is not stated. I could not settle the last three without further information from the authors. These checks do not show that the paper is correct in the respects that were not examined.",
 "work": {
  "arxiv_id": null,
  "audit_complete": true,
  "authors": [
   "Mary C. McGrath",
   "P. M. Aronow",
   "Vivien Shotwell"
  ],
  "category": "Articles - Empirics",
  "citation": "Mary C. McGrath, P. M. Aronow, and Vivien Shotwell (2016). Chocolate Scents and Product Sales: A Randomized Controlled Trial in a Canadian Bookstore and Cafe. SpringerPlus 5:670.",
  "doi": "10.1186/s40064-016-2303-5",
  "edition": {
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   "sha256": "fb4688bfbb6b51f295d941f9284bea6606e2466870c096b474f2e6e62e3da64d",
   "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2303-5",
   "venue": "SpringerPlus",
   "year": "2016"
  },
  "id": "P040",
  "later_materials": null,
  "title": "Chocolate Scents and Product Sales: A Randomized Controlled Trial in a Canadian Bookstore and Cafe",
  "type": "Journal article",
  "url": "https://pmaronow.github.io/llm-audit/works/P040/",
  "venue": "SpringerPlus",
  "year": "2016"
 }
}